As the 2024 US elections draw closer, digital assets have become a political issue for the first time, as industry executives and advocates apply pressure on candidates to pass pro-industry policies and embrace the future of money.

Clear and comprehensive digital asset policy in the United States remains elusive, as regulators like the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) regulate through enforcement action, rather than rulemaking. This lack of a coherent framework is a growing concern for elected lawmakers, industry service providers, and single-issue crypto voters.

While understanding a particular candidate’s stance on crypto policy is key, voters must also understand the underlying legislation currently being considered in the House and the Senate. Listed below are the key pieces of legislation currently up for consideration.

Financial Innovation and Technology for the 21st Century Act

The Financial Innovation and Technology for the 21st Century Act (FIT21) — introduced by Pennsylvania Congressman Glenn Thompson in 2023 — aims to establish a comprehensive digital asset regulatory framework by bringing sufficiently decentralized assets under the purview of the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC). The bill features these defining criteria for sufficient decentralization:

“If, among other requirements, no person has unilateral authority to control the blockchain or its usage, and no issuer or affiliated person has control of 20% or more of the digital asset or the voting power of the digital asset.”

However, the bill also gives the SEC authority to regulate digital assets deemed as securities. In May 2024, the bill passed in the House and must pass in the Senate before it is handed to the President for consideration.

CBDC Anti-Surveillance State Act

Minnesota Rep. Tom Emmer first introduced the CBDC Anti-Surveillance State Act in 2023.

The bill’s goal is to prohibit the Federal Reserve Bank from ever creating a consumer-facing central bank digital currency (CBDC), or otherwise maintaining accounts on behalf of individuals.

Moreover, the bill seeks to restrict the Federal Reserve from “Using a central bank digital currency to implement monetary policy or from issuing a central bank digital currency,” entirely.

CBDCs face widespread criticism from the crypto community, liberty-minded individuals, privacy advocates, and commercial banks. In May 2024, the bill passed in the US House and awaits a vote in the Senate.

Clarity for Payment Stablecoins Act of 2024

The Clarity for Payment Stablecoins Act is a re-introduction of a 2023 bill of the same name from Rep. Patrick McHenry and seeks to establish a comprehensive regulatory framework for US-dollar stablecoins.

A key difference between the newer draft and the earlier bill is a provision allowing stablecoin issuers with a market capitalization under $10 billion to be regulated at the state level, rather than the federal level.

The previous version of the bill advanced to the House floor but has not yet passed in either chamber. Senators Lummis and Gillibrand also proposed a similar bill to the Senate in April 2024, to establish a stablecoin regulatory framework.

Digital Asset Anti-Money Laundering Act

First introduced by Massachusetts Senator Elizabeth Warren in July 2023, the Digital Asset Anti-Money Laundering Act proposes that digital asset providers should be subject to the same reporting requirements as traditional financial institutions under the Bank Secrecy Act.

Warren is one of the crypto industry’s most vocal critics, and the 2023 bill has faced significant backlash as one of the most anti-crypto pieces of legislation currently up for consideration.

The bill has not yet passed in either chamber of Congress and even lost support from its cosponsor, Republican Senator Roger Marshall, in July 2024.

Financial Technology Protection Act of 2023

The Financial Technology Protection Act of 2023, proposed by Iowa Rep. Zachary Nunn, aims to create the Financial Technology Working Group to combat illicit finance in terrorism and organized crime in emerging financial technologies.

Earlier in 2024, the bill passed in the United States House of Representatives and has been submitted to the Senate for deliberation.

Equal Opportunity for All Investors Act

Introduced by Nebraska Congressman Mike Flood in April 2023, the Equal Opportunity for All Investors Act would expand the definition of an “accredited investor” — lowering the barrier to entry for participation in private securities sales and offerings.

More specifically, the bill would allow individuals to qualify as accredited investors by passing a knowledge test administered by the SEC.

In 2020, the SEC amended its long-standing criteria for an accredited investor to emphasize financial knowledge rather than net worth, income, or wealth. The Equal Opportunity for All Investors Act was passed in the US House of Representatives but has not yet passed in the Senate.

The Blockchain Regulatory Certainty Act

Rep. Tom Emmer — one of crypto’s most vocal proponents — submitted the Blockchain Regulatory Certainty Act to the US House of Representatives in March 2023. The bill’s central goal is to exempt blockchain developers and service providers from traditional financial reporting requirements, as long as they do not handle customer funds.

The bipartisan bill was approved by the House Financial Services Committee in July 2023, and allowed to advance to the US House of Representatives but has yet to pass in either chamber of Congress.

Keep Your Coins Act

Ohio Congressman Warren Davidson introduced the Keep Your Coins Act in July 2023 as a consumer-facing protection meant to restrict regulatory agencies from preventing US citizens from using self-custodial wallets to transact.

At this time, it is unclear whether the bill will be passed into law or garner widespread support.